Post-Quantum-Ready Enterprise Key Management

Abstract

The impending rise of large-scale quantum computing poses a fundamental threat to classical cryptographic systems, particularly the RSA and ECC algorithms widely used for key management. In response, enterprises must transition toward post-quantum cryptography (PQC) for secure key generation, storage, and lifecycle management. This paper examines strategies for achieving post-quantum-ready enterprise key management, emphasizing hybrid migration, cryptographic agility, and integration with existing infrastructure. We survey standardized PQC algorithms—such as CRYSTALS-Kyber, Dilithium, FALCON, and SPHINCS+—and discuss how to incorporate them into enterprise Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Hardware Security Modules (HSMs). The viability of hybrid deployments—pairing classical and PQC algorithms—ensures backward compatibility and risk mitigation during transition. We also explore the role of crypto-agile HSMs that support firmware updates and PQC algorithms while safeguarding key material. A proposed methodology includes algorithm evaluation, pilot testing, phased migration of PKI systems, and deployment of quantum-safe HSMs. We assess benefits such as forward security, regulatory alignment, and infrastructure longevity, alongside challenges including larger key sizes, performance overhead, and operational complexity. Our analysis shows that post-quantum migration is feasible with minimal service disruption provided cryptographic agility and hybrid schemes are prioritized. We conclude by advocating for proactive preparation for quantum threats and the development of automated tooling and standards to support key management evolution.