Terahertz Links: Channel Modeling and Hardware Constraints

Abstract

Terahertz (THz) communication, spanning frequencies between 0.1 and 10 THz, is poised to revolutionize next-generation wireless systems by offering unprecedented bandwidths. However, the realization of THz links faces two critical challenges: accurate channel modeling and severe hardware constraints. This paper investigates both aspects, drawing from 2021 research. On channel modeling, measurement campaigns and hybrid modeling frameworks—such as combining ray-tracing with statistical methods—have enhanced our understanding of THz propagation characteristics including path loss, molecular absorption, delay spreads, and multipath profiles arXiv+1. Meanwhile, advanced simulators like TeraMIMO enable stochastic channel generation for ultra-massive MIMO THz systems, factoring in frequency-domain effects, beam squint, misalignment fading, and molecular absorption modeling arXiv. On the hardware side, THz systems grapple with low transmit power (<10 mW), high free-space path loss, ADC/DSP limitations, and heat dissipation challenges IET Research JournalsEngineering.org.cnMDPI. Practical obstacles such as characterizing the channel with VNAs or SDR testbeds—each with sampling and processing constraints—further complicate deployments arXivMDPI. Integrating these findings, this paper presents a structured methodology for THz system design that addresses channel modeling and hardware bottlenecks in tandem. Recommendations include employing hybrid channel models, using advanced simulation tools like TeraMIMO, designing energy-efficient analog components, and advocating for hardwareaware modeling. The discussion underscores that bridging these gaps is essential to unlocking THz’s full potential for high-speed, short-range wireless systems in future 6G networks. Terahertz communication, channel modeling