Vehicle-to-Grid Integration: Control and Market Models
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15662/IJRAI.2021.0403002Keywords:
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Control Strategies, Smart Charging, Frequency Regulation, Market Models, Double Auction, Pricing Mechanisms, Aggregators, Load Flexibility, EV Grid ServicesAbstract
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) integration enables electric vehicles (EVs) to bidirectionally exchange electricity with the grid, providing services such as frequency regulation, load balancing, and peak shaving while monetizing idle battery capacity. This paper explores pre-2020 research covering both control strategies and market models in V2G systems. On the control side, studies have proposed smart charging mechanisms and queueing-theoretic models to estimate capacity for frequency regulation services, ensuring grid stability amid renewable variability arXiv. Control strategies like EV dispatch control dynamically balance grid demands with expected state-of-charge targets using realtime corrections arXiv. Market models focus on structured interactions among participants. Lam et al. (2016) introduced a multi-layer market with a strategy-proof double auction at the macro level (utility, buyers, sellers) and micro-level aggregator incentive models arXiv. Ghosh & Aggarwal (2016) proposed a menu-based pricing scheme where charging stations offer contract-based V2G services — trading battery use, energy, and participation time — balancing operator profits, user surplus, and social welfare arXiv. Complementing these are broader reviews analyzing participation modes (aggregated, individual, industrial), market classifications, and revenue projections—ranging from $18,000 to $42,000 per EV over 16 years, depending on region and service type IOPscience. This paper synthesizes control mechanisms and market frameworks for V2G integration before 2020, analyzing their technical designs, economic implications, and deployment potential. The findings underscore V2G’s promise as a distributed, flexible energy asset, while highlighting challenges such as battery degradation, infrastructure costs, scheduling uncertainty, and market feasibility.
References
1. Lam, A. Y. S., Huang, L., Silva, A., & Saad, W. (2016). A multi-layer market for vehicle-to-grid energy trading in
the smart grid. arXiv. arXiv
2. Ghosh, A., & Aggarwal, V. (2016). Menu-Based Pricing for Charging of Electric Vehicles with Vehicle-to-Grid Service. arXiv. arXiv
3. Lam, A. Y. S., Leung, K.-C., & Li, V. O. K. (2014). Capacity Estimation for Vehicle-to-Grid Frequency Regulation Services with Smart Charging Mechanism. arXiv. arXiv
4. Liu, H., Qi, J., Wang, J., Li, P., & Wei, H. (2016). EV Dispatch Control for Supplementary Frequency Regulation Considering the Expectation of EV Owners. arXiv. arXiv
5. Review on participant categories and revenue projections for V2G.
